Because quantifying host shift frequencies of hematophagous specialists and generalists may help to predict host associations when vertebrate ranges expand by climate change, livestock, and pet trade in general and because of the previously proposed role of human pre-history in parasite speciation, we constructed a fossil-dated, molecular phylogeny of the Cimicidae. The bedbugs that parasitize humans are host generalists, so their evolution from specialist ancestors is incompatible with the “resource efficiency” hypothesis and only partially consistent with the “oscillation” hypothesis. Bats are believed to be the ancestral hosts of cimicids, but a cimicid fossil predates the oldest known bat fossil by >30 million years (Ma). In general, blood sucking (hematophagy) is thought to have evolved in generalist feeders adventitiously taking blood meals, but those cimicid taxa currently considered ancestral are putative host specialists. DNAMAN for Windows, Version 5.2.10: Lynon Biosoft, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, Leiden University, Netherlands.All 100+ bedbug species (Cimicidae) are obligate blood-sucking parasites. Database resources of the National Center for Biotechnology Information. NEBcutter: a program to cleave DNA with restriction enzymes. }}Vincze, T., Posfai, J., & Roberts, R.GeneViTo: Visualizing gene-product functional and structural features in genomic datasets. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 51, 919-945. RegulonDB (version 3.2): transcriptional regulation and operon organization in Escherichia coli K-12. }}Salgado, H., Santos-Zavaleta, A., Gama-Castro, S., Millán-Zárate, D., Díaz-Peredo, E., Sánchez-Solano, F., et al.(2000): Artemis: sequence visualization and annotation. }}Rutherford, K., Parkhill, J., Crook, J., Horsnell, T., Rice, P., Rajandream, M.-A., et al.Mack (Eds.), Usability Inspection Methods (pp. Visualization-based discovery and analysis of genomic aberrations in microarray data. Nucleic Acids Research, 32 (Web Server Issue), W20. (2004): BLAST: at the core of a powerful and diverse set of sequence analysis tools.
(2002): Visualizing the genome: techniques for presenting human genome data and annotations. J., Harris, N., Gibson, M., Iyer, V., Richter, J., et al.
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MEGA: A biologist-centric software for evolutionary analysis of DNA and protein sequences. }}Kumar, S., Nei, M., Dudley, J., & Tamura, K.
Proceedings of the International Conference on Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology. APIC - A generic interface for sequencing projects. Proceedings of INTERACT'97, London: Chapman and Hall, 39-46. (1997): Navigation in information spaces: supporting the individual.
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